A Study Of His Poetic Turns English Literature Essay free essay sample

Verse has been characterized in any case contingent upon the point of convergence on which a man is one-sided to. For delineation, Malcolm takes note of that prior endeavors, similar to Aristotle s writers thought their meaning of poesy towards play, satire, address in talk and in the long run in vocal. Kant calls attention to that, therefore endeavors to indicate poesy moved point of convergence towards characters and qualities like rime and section signifier. In add-on, Thomas takes note of that, the ulterior definitions other than centered in underscoring the significance of attributes that separate poesy from writing signifiers of creating. Their central point is to illuminate the perusers about a specific fit, for example, papers, lifes, books and pronunciamentos ( qtd. in Malcolm ) . Be that as it may, at around the focal point of the twentieth century, there has been a free meaning of what poesy is fundamentally as the utilization of etymological correspondence innovatively to concoct a bit of work. Contrasted with different plants of writing poesy is mainly recognized by its signifier or development, most present day artists have gotten off from the perceived signifiers and are forming in free verse. We will compose a custom article test on A Study Of His Poetic Turns English Literature Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nonetheless, these modifications do non expect that poesy presents need story or it is unlogical, it infers that poesy is an exertion in doing the account thought system delightful without the heap of arraigning the legitimate. John Keats, a Romantic writer in English portrayed it as Negative Capability . In the sentimental assault signifier is seen as a cardinal part in fruitful poesy since it is increasingly discernable and theoretical in footings of the verifiable in whimsical rationale ( Christensen et al ) . This research paper tries to indict a figure of Keats poesy and writing while at the same time reconsidering them in the obvious radiation of the twists using the Jungian hypothetical record of the brain in uncovering Keats dependable Self where he much of the time covered from his perusers in his scholarly letters and section structures. In exceptional, the adjustment of John Keats work will be founded on the twists in his section structure whereby he changes the subjects o f the refrain structures from the waies in which the stanza structure was initially made a beeline for, as an outcome hiding from his perusers in his letters and sonnets the existent and planned essentialness using this method in his wonderful work. In add-on, the utilization of idyllic curves in the Sonnets that he composed helps John Keats in covering enthusiastic sentiments from his perusers. Conceived in Moorfield, during the 1790s John Keats educated at the Reverend Mr. Clarke School at Enfield. In any case, John Keats was expelled from school at an early and joined a sawbones Mr. Hammond as a learner in Edmonton. By the by, disrupted by the occasions that prompted his remotion from school he conveyed with him and ever felt a shortfall in the perception and order Latin. This constrained him to decipher and make a genuine writing out of the entire of Aeneid by Virgil. Moreover, at the clasp he was other than larning and breaking down etymological correspondence on his ain going educated for his age on his ain. After the necessary footings of mature ages under Mr. Hammond, John Keats joined Guy s Hospital to break down characteristic history, life systems and clinical forte. In spite of the fact that John Keats was brought into the world a characteristic artist it is of import to see that he got poesy in his eighteenth twelvemonth, the surveies in clinical strength appare ntly could non empower him to peruse abstract work rather than the voluminous books on life structures, clinical claim to fame and history. Nonetheless, his brush subsequent to perusing Spencer s Fairy Queen stirred the brain he had inside him for poesy. Besides, the faery land in Spencer s work made him illuminated into another universe in which neer existed previously, he imitated the faery land drove him to making his first volume out of refrain shapes in which one of the section frames in it is Imitation of Spenser , which has become a beguiling stanza structure for the individuals who are keen on the historical backdrop of John Keats. Fundamentally, the brush he had with Spencer s work denoted the start of affection for poesy, John Keats was pulled in to crafted by Shakespeare, Spencer and Chaucer and after two mature ages he had the option to end the calling in clinical forte and take poesy on a full clasp balance. In outcome the assurance to the full take poesy obviously prompted making out of volumes of poesy work which is as yet applicable and adapted today. John Keats is one of the most compelling British writers the universe over. Keats passed on at the age of 20 five however his refrain structures were a power to recon with. His impact in any case developed by springs and limits after his perish. Verse can be of an individual sort and without a doubt Keats was of an individual sort. The section structure can depict the artist s territory of head, his emotions and what the person sees of something. Along these lines by perusing poesy we can dig into an artists mind and comprehend the occasions or impact that rose above before the creation of the stanza structure. Such section structures might be about harmony, war and love among others. It is a story about the writer s encounters. Keats writers are to a great extent about affection and the strict or Godhead. Verse as an abstract craftsmanship contains covered messages. So as to translate and obtain an increasingly realistic dread of John Keats verse it is reasonable to put highlight on profundity brain research and the develop of individualization. It is basic to infer entrance on how the human psyche plants. Analysis is a school of thought that was created by a doctor known as Sigmund Freud. Analysis includes the study of the human character through the perusing of dreams ( Dunne 14 ) . Freud laid out the part and relationship of the Idaho, pomposity, and expert vainglory in the development of the human character. The human psyche is the thing that decides our reason for activities or conduct. Just as it s the case with numerous artists, John Keat s adored the idyllic curve unreasonably. He has utilized curves deliberately and appealingly in his stanza structure. Be that as it may, it s of extraordinary essential to concede Keat s love of graceful curve. Negative capacity is something that Keat is praised for esteeming actually altogether in poesy. Keat s hypothesis of Negative Capability depicts the limit that one acknowledges the unclear and the unsolved. Keat thought of this hypothesis following the varying happenings that developed both in his life and poesy work and he puts it frontward by the use of the curve. Walter Jackson Bate, Keat s most praised biographer does non do any emphasize on Keats mind. Be that as it may, he recognizes the way that Keat has a bubbly craziness. It s this mind develops on the turn-jokes, as merger clout lines and set-ups, about model of shock and development. As we will find in this specific situation, turns showed up all through Keats oeuvre each piece great as his light verse. It s spur of the moment and hard to accept of satire, show, silliness or pleasance corresponding to a genuine spread out poesy. The association between these two differing scholarly plants may even be progressively aggressive for individuals to partner and hang on. Verse is non just a unimportant proclamation of individual look or craftsmanship however it s reliant on the nature of formal dramatization. This quality clashes with bogus familiarity and garishness. It makes a stipulation of estrangement that allows a stanza structure to arrangement itself as an oil idea in its won approval and rights. Auxiliary show or as M.L Rosenthal calls it formal dramatization in his work, The Poet s Art, there is a little division between the basic genuine poesy and the basic comedic that gives an inclination at the extremely first impression. Such close connection is clear in Keat s arranged refrain structures and composition. On March thirteenth 1818, Keats sends a message to Benjamin Bailey his companion. Through this note, an exposure is made of how significant the twist is to him in a clever and genuine mode. In this correspondence, Keat records existent things, semi-genuine and no things. the being of the stars and the Moon and the advances of Shakespeare, are a portion of the existent things that are referenced by Keat ( Grant 6 ) .This announcement is an evident likeness of Keats s huge world that has been brought out as astonishing idyllic twist. Keat has drawn out this way fairly clever by consolidating the galactic natural structures viz. the Moon and the stars with a rather out of topographic point and an alternate theme all together: Shakespeare s Hagiographas. In spite of the announcement get bringing down on a genuine note through the use of rather hard to comprehend components like the Moon and stars, Keat consolidates mind in a similar explanation by using the curve to advert the advances o f Shakespeare. The set-up and turn of phrase is the auxiliary plans of the stifler that is sent by Keat in this composition. This organization is made use of to give the sentiment of how such plans are existent each piece great as to him. In using the expression the stars and the Moon and the changes of Shakespeare, are a portion of the existent things, ( Grant 6 ) .one of Keat s mind is behind this wonderful Volta. He moves his contemplations from logical articles to Shakespeare s artistic work. At the point when profundity brain science is applied in this setting using Jung s hypothetical record of the psyche to uncover Keat s mind arranged the peruser thinks of grouped choices. Keat s grandiosity is the most probable brain that is behind this wonderful Volta. Self image is the inquisitive witting conscience to a man. Personality plays five discernable capacities that incorporate the stableness of singularity, stableness of individual, world testing, information and the official guide. It s this segment of gaudiness that makes a single unsurprising and reliable as clasp passes by. Through pretentiousness,

Why the hotel industry is positive career choice today an Example by

Why the inn business is a positive profession decision today While many occupation markets are contracting, there is one that has continually been developing and stays a top objective activity industry for new school graduates. Friendliness and lodging the executives employments are developing at a quick rate and have kept on indicating solid advancement throughout the most recent couple of years. At the point when the economy is working out positively, as it is at this moment, individuals have more cash to spend on outings and increasingly disposable pay to blow at resorts. That is the reason the inn business is a decent one for passage level and mid level officials right now. Need article test on Why the lodging business is a positive profession decision today subject? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Not all occupations inside the travel industry and inn industry are anticipated to be first rate soon, however. As a greater amount of an accentuation is being set on wellbeing and wellness, more individuals are hoping to investigate methods of having a ton of fun, while getting some activity in a similar procedure. In view of that, the industry is moving towards things like skiing and climbing. These are anticipated to be the hot patterns in the travel industry heading towards the following thirty years. Something else worth considering is the way that day excursions and short get-aways are getting more well known than long outings. An ever increasing number of families are making arrangements to visit incredible spots for a short measure of time. That is the reason it is imperative to land positions at places like Las Vegas, where short excursions are the standard. Despite the fact that the lodging business endured a shot not long after September eleventh, the market has since gotten for various reasons. Individuals are presently more happy with going than they were at that point, which has been helped by laws that have made voyaging simpler and urged individuals to bounce on planes. Jonathan Tisch, CEO of Loews Hotels, said of the momentum travel advertise, This significant enactment fixes security while considering millions more business and relaxation explorers from abroad to go to the U.S. More guests will thus help improve Americas picture abroad while simultaneously giving thousands progressively American occupations (Tisch). The expansion in employments is the factor worth considering in that quote, as Tisch plainly feels that the new, great guidelines are filling a developing business sector. Another superb motivation to hop into the lodging business is the way that there are a lot of passage level employments which allow individuals to consider going all in and gain an advancement. It is hard to come directly out of school and find a new line of work that pays well and has a great deal of obligation. In the inn business, section level administration positions are all over the place. In any event, for those people who don't hold capabilities for these administration positions, there is the chance to begin at the uncovered base and work from that point. Since the business has consistently been one that will in general advance from inside, it is critical to get a beginning some place inside the business. The travel industry and inn industry additionally offers open doors for ladies, which is the reason it is an energizing, dynamic market. Talking about this, Secretary General of the UNWTO Francesco Frangialli stated, Women hold occupations over the work range from craftsman or manual for CEO and Chairman of the Board (Frangialli). These energizing prospects address the upward versatility in the business for all individuals. The inn business is developing significantly and it's anything but a market that is hoping to desert individuals. The tremendous number of employment opportunities is a demonstration of this and offer motivation to be hopeful for new alumni who need to make neighborliness their profession. Works Cited Frangialli, Fracesco. UNWTO Message, 27 September 2007. Tisch, Jonathan. Travel Industry Association: TRAVEL LEADERS APPLAUD PRESIDENT BUSH FOR SIGNING BILL CALLED MOST SIGNIFICANT TRAVEL REFORM SINCE 9/11

FAQ Wait list

FAQ Wait list Every year we publish a FAQ about the wait list. Students on the wait list have lots of questions, so hopefully you find an answer to yours here. How does the wait list work? We are aiming for a class of about 1100 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1467 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many students will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a wait list of students. Is the wait list ranked? No. How many people are on the wait list? We offered less than 4% of applicants a spot on the wait list. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the wait list. Can you tell me where I am on the wait list? No, because its not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the wait list, and how many we wish to take from the wait list. How many people will you admit from the wait list this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people, if any, we will take from the wait list until the second week of May. What has the wait list looked like, historically? In the last five years, we have admitted as few as 0 students from the wait list and as many as 65 students. However, its impossible to know what will happen this year, since we dont yet know what the exact yield will be this year. Can you tell me where my application was lacking, or what I should improve on? If we waitlisted you, it means we really like you, and you do not need to improve on your application. You should, however, continue to get good grades, as we may call your school to check on your academic progress. What are the realities here? True story: its likely that most people on the wait list will not be admitted. But remember, any statistic against you (or for you) is associative but not causal. This means, what has happened in the past or on any other application doesnt impact your application. Whom do you admit from the wait list? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? Sometimes we look at things like that but were not strict about it. So, if a foosball champion decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, go out of our way to try to find another foosball player on the wait list. It just depends on what the list looks like. Are domestic students given priority over international students on the wait list? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the wait list would put us over our international quota. If Im waitlisted, can I still come for CPW or do the Overnight Program? No, Im sorry. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? A wait list confirmation form will be available online in early April. After youve heard back from all the colleges youve applied to, please use the form to let us know whether you wish to remain on the wait list or not. Once its live, well email you to let you know. Next, be sure to enroll in a college/university by May 1. You do not need to submit additional documents, but if you would like to, you can email mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu and the documents will be added to your application. Excessively emailing us will not help your case (and might hurt it). I would recommend sending us a note (no more than a page in length) to mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu in mid-to-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the wait list. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of wait list admissions. All of this is a standard part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now (if you havent already), so that if you are admitted from the wait list, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our wait list process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full demonstrated need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? First, focus on choosing the best fit college of those who have offered you admission. Wait lists are uncertain, so it is always best to ensure your happiness no matter what the outcome. If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. Drop us a note to mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu once things have calmed down a bit. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any wait list news until early-mid May. ?Good luck!

¬¬¬The Sanitary Era Is One Of The Main Movements Responsible

 ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬The sanitary era is one of the main movements responsible for a great part of the commitment towards public health (Hamilin Sheard, 1998). Numerous problems existed prior to the implementation of public health measures, such as clean water, proper sewage and waste disposal, and proper animal carcass removal. It became clear to a few members of the public health community that changes needed to be made for the betterment of the lives of those living in the late 1800s. The changes made required time to implement and people who believed that many were suffering and dying from preventable diseases. Most of the sanitary era movement took place within England and the United States during the nineteenth century. Within the sanitary era,†¦show more content†¦Ensuring a clean environment, one that is free of filth, would lower the number of deaths towards avoidable infectious diseases. The maintenance and assurance of a clean environment became more difficult as the city moved towards urbanization. As more people demanded more of the environment, pollution became more prominent. Public health problems emerged through the lack of sanitation, and influx of filth from the increased population. As mentioned previously, one of the main public health concerns focused on a population of individuals that lacked access to clean water. One of the main assessments on sanitary conditions outside of the United States took place in the nineteenth century, when the discovery of how diseases spread was beginning to come into the light. In England, cholera outbreaks led to the deaths of thousands of people, with the cause of the disease a mystery. As a result, John Snow, another individual practiced public health, and who believed in the contagionist theory, began to observe cholera, particularly its pathology, and believed cholera entered into the body through the consumption of water (Snow, 2002). Snow then observed were those who had died of cholera h ad obtained their drinking water, and found the source of the cholera contamination to be from aShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Progressive Era1418 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, which was known as a large reform movement, there was a widespread across the United States of political reform and social activism. The main focus and goal of the Progressives and their movement was lowering government involvement and eliminating corruption in the government. Progressives reacted to problems caused by large factories and cities. Furthermore, they attacked big corporations, such as the Armour meat-packing company and others, for how harsh their practicesRead MoreThe Age Of Jackson Was A Time Of Tremendous Reform With American Society And Politics1128 Words   |  5 Pagesspirit of the reform. During this period, known as Jacksonian Democracy, social and political reform movements and equal rights dominated the American landscape. Many of these reforms were supported by r eligious ideals over democratic system, but in this period the democratic ideals in America came to greater results than ever before. The impact of the reforms that happened during the Jacksonian Era had strong political foundations. Before the 19th century, women had no rights to vote and only whiteRead MoreHeroes And Heroines Of The War5095 Words   |  21 Pagesthe U.S. Sanitary Commission that was established to reduce the casualties from infection. To honor these brave and selfless group of women who became nurses to help their fellow men, he created this document that would illustrate what they performed to assist the soldiers on and off the battlefield.[2] Since Thomas Nast arrived at the docks of New York, he had grown to be a zealous enthusiast of the North. Nast created the document to convey to the Northern States how the U.S. Sanitary CommissionRead MoreExtent to which the Republican Party Liberalized1502 Words   |  6 PagesA. Plan of Investigation The Progressive Era was a time characterized by a multitude of reactions to the inherent problems in American society and politics. The previous age of â€Å"gilded† politics had left the American political system fraught with corruption and inefficiency, and the rise of industrialization made clear the socioeconomic divide between the lower and upper classes. Progressivism became a loosely connected movement of legislation, ideas, and people striving to improve theRead MoreMain Goals of The Progressive Movement Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagestwentieth century the Progressive Era was moving to reshape America. Progressivism was a political movement that encouraged the exposure of corruption in America in order to reshape it for the better. This time period became known for the social and political changes that took place as a result of the progressives. Progressivism ruled the country, changing the way Americans lived and the way politics affected them. One of the m ain goals of the progressive movement was to use democracy to regulateRead MoreUpton Sinclair and His Influence on Society Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesthat his immigrant family was not foreign to the American mind. Sinclair emphasized that their values of hard work, family togetherness, honesty, and carefulness are the same as those of the reading public. 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Almost one-third of the populations of Nepal have been impacted by this earthquake, and nearly nine thousand casualties (male-3899; female-4801) and twenty-two thousand were injured. This result distinguishably highlights that females were more affected than maleRead MorePoverty and Social Work Essay example8858 Words   |  36 Pageshuman experience. Many of the specific provisions of the Elizabethan poor law of 1601 were carried over into colonial poor law, including the pattern of compulsory taxation. In some cases the town was responsible for collecting taxes and administering aid. In other cases, the parish was responsible. Common methods of caring for the poor included: -each family cared for a destitute person for part of the year -auctioning the poor to families who offered the lowest bidder -tax abatement

President Of The Executive Branch And The President Essay

Founded on the premise of a Republican Democracy where the three branches of government, elected by the people to which it governs, are held accountable to one another by one another, the expansion of the powers of the Executive Branch and the President is a troubling matter as it at times encroaches on the freedoms and liberties so granted to us as citizens of the country and the earth. This increasing of the powers of the President has ultimately made the President the most dominant force in politics in regards to foreign policy, but the role, or rather, the lack thereof from Congress in regards to foreign policy, has also lead to such an imbalance of power in terms of foreign policy. Because of those two reasons, I think that Congress should reaffirm and reassert their constitutional authorities on the matters of foreign policy, so that the President can be once again put in check. The President of the United States has the most control over foreign policy for several reasons, but primarily I will focus on two of them. First, of the powers prescribed to the President in the Constitution, some of the more powerful ones include their roles as the Commander in Chief of the military at large and as the Chief Diplomat of the United States. These two powers are pertinent to any foreign matters as the President is given the authority to, in essence, act as the leader of the country to all other countries whom he or she may talk to during negotiations or other matters. As theShow MoreRelatedThe President Is The Leader Of The Executive Branch1820 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. President is the leader of the executive branch. Elected at the same time, both the President and Vice President will serve the same four-year term. Clause 2 During the creation of this Constitution, the Electoral College was made to make voting much more organized. The number of electoral votes each state gets depends on the number of senators and representatives in Congress. That way, the number of votes is proportional to the state’s population. However, a congressman cannot be appointedRead MoreThe Framers Of The United States Constitution769 Words   |  4 Pagessystems of checks and balances. This means that no branch of the government would have absolute power over another. Each branch is independent. One particular established statutory limit to ensure the separation of powers is the selection of branch members by another branch. There is one exception to this, The President nominates judges and the Senate confirms the nominations. Sense then the correlation between the Congress and the President has been a continuing contentious relationship. 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Antitrypsin Deficiency The Genetic Disorder Free Essays

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AAD) was first described in 1963, and of the five patients identified, three were found to have severe emphysema at an early age. Subsequent studies that the deficiency was inherited, and in most of the early studies, emphysema and chronic bronchitis were common features. The deficiency was shown to be associated with a marked reduction in the ability of the plasma to inhibit the serine proteinase trypsin, and later studies showed that this also reflected an inability of the serum to inhibit the enzyme neutrophil elastase (Pauwels, Postma, and Weiss, 2004 p. We will write a custom essay sample on Antitrypsin Deficiency: The Genetic Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now 446). Human neutrophil elastase was shown to produce both emphysema and chronic bronchial disease in animal models. Emphysema can be directly inherited via a single gene defect. The genetic disorder, known as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, results from a defective gene transmitted by each parent equally to the affected offspring. This gene codes for the enzyme antitrypsin, which, when deficient, results in the loss of normal lung elasticity and in progressive overinflation and destruction of lung tissue. Antitrypsin deficiency is also the most common genetic cause of childhood liver disease (cirrhosis) and the most common reason for liver transplantation in children. A family history of early onset emphysema or childhood liver disease points toward this diagnosis, which can be confirmed by DNA analysis. DNA testing can be used to detect carriers of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency as well as to facilitate prenatal diagnosis for a couple found to be carriers, who face a 25 percent risk of having an affected child (Millunsky, 2001 p. 128-129). Scope and Limitations AAD is one of the rarest diagnosed conditions in our current time; hence, focused study of such condition is essential. The case study involves the subject of pathological conditions linked with the condition of progression of defective genetic manifestations. Utilizing physiological and genetical approach, we shall center into the discussion of the disease causation, processes and manifestations involved. It is indeed essential to employ the principles of wellness and its components. The following shall be utilized in the overall study. A. To be able to determine and elaborate the actual disease processes involved, as well as the disease conditions manifested B. To be able to relate genetic causalities and factors in the aspects of disease progression utilizing the domains, components, and principles of wellness C. To be able to provide necessary health interventions, suggest enhancing lifestyle modifications and preventive behaviors related to the condition imposed Purpose of the Study The value significance of this study provides awareness to the public especially in terms of what can these contributing factors impregnate to the condition occurrence. Most likely, the degenerative character of AAD is very much rehabilitated if this awareness is enhanced through education. The study mainly expands health awareness on both AAD patients and non-patients who are greatly may or otherwise exposed in factors that contribute to its genetic occurrence. Moreover, the knowledge on this topic may further aid the patients and those involved in the reduction of anxiety and ignorance of the condition imposed. Discussion The Functions of ? 1-Antitrypsin and Involved Mediators Blood and other body fluids contain a serum protein classified as an alpha-a globulin that is capable of neutralizing trypsin and many other proteolytic (protein digesting) enzymes such as fibrinolysis and thrombin (Bross and Gregersen, 2003 p. 39; Crowley, 2004 p. 399). This specialized protein is called alpha-1 antitrypsin, and its concentration in the blood is generally determined. Most individuals produce normal amounts of antitrypsin, others are severely deficient, and a third group have subnormal levels of this protein (Crowley, 2004 p. 399). ?1-Antitrypsin (AA) is an inhibitor of serine protease in general but its most important targets are neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3, proteases released by activated neutrophils. Several line of evidence suggest that inhibition of these neutrophil proteases is the major physiologic function of AA (Bross and Gregersen, 2003 p. 39). †¢ First, individuals with AAD are susceptible to premature development of emphysema, a lesion that can be induced in experimental animals by instillation of excessive amounts of neutrophil elastase. These observations have led to the concept that destructive lung disease may result from the perturbation of the net balance of elastase and AA within the local environment of the lung. †¢ Second, the kinetics of association for AA and neutrophil elastase are more favorable, by several orders of magnitude, than those for AA and any other serine protease. †¢ Third, AA constitutes more than 90% of the neutrophil elastase inhibitory activity in one body fluid that has been examined, pulmonary alveolar lavage fluid (Suchy, Sokol, and Balistreri, p. 549). AA is the archetype of serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) supergene family. Its primary function is inhibition during the host response to inflammation/tissue injury, for which it has been termed a hepatic acute-phase reactant (Suchy, Sokol, and Balistreri, p. 549; Bross and Gregersen, 2003 p. 39). AA acts competitively by allowing its target enzymes to bind directly to a subrate-like region within its reactive center loop. The reaction between enzyme and inhibitor is essentially second order, and the resulting complex contains one molecule of each of the reactants (Bross and Gregersen, 2003 p. 39; Fessler, reiley and Sugarbaker, 2004 p. 155). A reactive-site peptide bond within the inhibitor is hydrolyzed during the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Hydrolysis of this bond; however, does not proceed to completion (Suchy, Sokol, and Balistreri, p. 549). The predominant site of synthesis of plasma AA is in located biologically in the liver wherein in most clearly shown by conversion of plasma AA to the donor phenotype after orthoptopic liver transplantation (Bross and Gregersen, 2003 p. 39; Suchy, Sokol, and Balistreri, 2007 p. 551). It is synthesized in human hepatoma cells as a 52-kDa precursor; undergoes post translational, dolichol phosphate-linked glycosylation at three asparagines residues, and undergoes tyrosine sulfation. It is secreted as a 55-kDa native single-chain glycoprotein with a half time for secretion of 35 to 40 minutes (Suchy, Sokol, and Balistreri, 2007 p. 551). The absence or insufficiency of AA initiates genetic anomaly in terms of failure to suppress immunity response (Porth, 2007 p. 501). How to cite Antitrypsin Deficiency: The Genetic Disorder, Papers

Lyric Poetry Red Taylor Swift free essay sample

Red is very joyful even though her words are sometimes gloomy because she misses what she use to have. She is speaking about someone who she can not forget because of all the good memories they have with each other. Taylor Swift s use of similes, imagery and alliteration in her song Red helps portray the good and bad about loving someone that is not around any more. Taylor Swifts uses similes through out her writing to make you feel her happiness and struggles. Loving him is like driving a new maserati down a dead end street, tells you that happiness was damaging her relationship. It be great to have a maserati just to have it, with no where to go but, it is hurting our earth. Loving him was unnecessary so it ended up hurting her. When Swift says, Memorizing him was as easy as knowing all the words to your old favorite song, she shows how much she misses having this person around. We will write a custom essay sample on Lyric Poetry Red Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a song stops playing for a while but, then it comes on again and the mind still remembers all the words its like an old friend popping back into the mind. When the mind remembers someone they loved all of the good and bad memories with that person can be stuck in the head. Taylor Swifts similes are very meaningful and can make you feel mixed emotions. Imagery is used many different times through out the song and gives a dark but still happy mood. Missing him was dark grey all alone, is very depressing because this person is gone. Now she is lonely because she feels like she is stuck in the dark all lone. Taylor Swift also says, Losing him was blue like I never known. This is very gloomy because it is the saddest she has ever been. She did not even know she could feel this terrible. When she says, Loving him was Red, it make the song much happier. It gives off this bright, cheerful mood saying even though she felt terrible after the relationship the time she had loving him was worth it. The way Taylor Swift uses imagery makes the reader feel her pain. Taylor Swift also used alliteration in her writing to emphasize certain words. When Swift says, Cause love was like driving a new maserati down a dead and street, lots of focus is drawn to the words driving, down, and dead. She felt like this relationship was dyeing and was going down hill. In the quote Once youre already flying through the free fall, the words flying, free, and fall, stand out. She feels like she has fallen head over heels and could not stop loving this person even if she wanted to. Swift wanted those words to stand out so the reader felt her passion. Taylor Swfits use of alliteration helps the reader understands how strong her feelings are for this person. Taylor Swift used so many poetic elements to help the reader feel many different emotions. She used a var iety of similes, imagery, and alliteration through out her writing. Taylor Swifts writing lets the reader into her head and rollercoaster of emotions.

A Guide to the History of Mongooses

A Guide to the History of Mongooses Mongooses are members of the Herpestidae family, and they are small carnivorous mammals with 34 separate species found in about 20 genera. As adults, they range in size from 1-6 kilograms (2 to 13 pounds) in weight, and their body lengths range between 23-75 centimeters (9 to 30 inches). They are primarily African in origin, although one genus is widespread throughout Asia and southern Europe, and several genera are found only on Madagascar. Recent research on domestication issues (in the English language academic press, anyway), has principally focused on the Egyptian or white-tailed mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). The Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) is a medium-sized mongoose, adults weighing about 2-4 kg (4-8 lb.), with a slender body, about 50-60 cm (9-24 in) long, and a tail about 45-60 cm (20-24 in) long. The fur is grizzled gray, with a markedly darker head and lower limbs. It has small, rounded ears, a pointed muzzle, and a tasseled tail. The mongoose has a generalized diet that includes small to medium-sized invertebrates such as rabbits, rodents, birds, and reptiles, and they have no objections to eating the carrion of larger mammals. Its modern distribution is all over Africa, in the Levant from the Sinai peninsula to southern Turkey and in Europe in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. Mongooses and Human Beings The earliest Egyptian mongoose found at archaeological sites occupied by humans or our ancestors is at Laetoli, in Tanzania. H. ichneumon remains have also been recovered at several South African Middle Stone Age sites such as Klasies River, Nelson Bay, and Elandsfontein. In the Levant, it has been recovered from Natufian (12,500-10,200 BP) sites of el-Wad and Mount Carmel. In Africa, H. ichneumon has been identified in Holocene sites and in the early Neolithic site of Nabta Playa (11-9,000 cal BP) in Egypt. Other mongooses, specifically the Indian gray mongoose, H. edwardsi, are known from Chalcolithic sites in India (2600-1500 BC). A small H. edwardsii was recovered from the Harrappan civilization site of Lothal, ca 2300-1750 BC; mongooses appear in sculptures and associated with specific deities in both Indian and Egyptian cultures. None of these appearances necessarily represent domesticate animals. Domesticated Mongooses In fact, mongooses dont seem to have ever been domesticated in the true sense of the word. They dont require feeding: like cats, they are hunters and can get their own dinners. Like cats, they can mate with their wild cousins; like cats, given the opportunity, mongooses will return to the wild. There are no physical changes in mongooses over time which suggest some domestication process at work. But, also like cats, Egyptian mongooses can make great pets  if you catch them at an early age; and, also like cats, they are good at keeping the vermin down to a minimum: a useful trait for humans to exploit. The relationship between mongooses and people seems to have taken at least a step towards domestication in the New Kingdom of Egypt (1539-1075 BC). New Kingdom mummies of Egyptian mongooses were found at the 20th dynasty site of Bubastis, and in Roman period Dendereh and Abydos. In his Natural History written in the first century AD, Pliny the elder reported on a mongoose he saw in Egypt. It was almost certainly the expansion of the Islamic civilization that brought the Egyptian mongoose into southwestern Iberian peninsula, likely during the Umayyad dynasty (AD 661-750). Archaeological evidence indicates that prior to the eighth century AD, no mongooses were to be found in Europe more recently than the Pliocene. Early Specimens of Egyptian Mongoose in Europe One nearly complete H. ichneumon was found in the Cave of Nerja, Portugal. Nerja has several millennia of occupations, including an Islamic period occupation. The skull was recovered from the Las Fantasmas room in 1959, and although the cultural deposits in this room date to the latter Chalcolithic, AMS radiocarbon dates indicate that the animal went into the cave between the 6th and 8th centuries (885-40 RCYBP) and was trapped. An earlier discovery was four bones (cranium, pelvis and two complete right ulnae) recovered from the Muge Mesolithic period shell middens of central Portugal. Although Muge itself is securely dated to between 8000 AD 7600 cal BP, the mongoose bones themselves date to 780-970 cal AD, indicating that it too burrowed into early deposits where it died. Both of these discoveries support the intimation that Egyptian mongooses were brought into southwestern Iberia during the expansion of the Islamic civilization of the 6th-8th centuries AD, likely the Ummayad emirate of Cordoba, 756-929 AD. Sources Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011.  The Emirate of Cà ³rdoba (756–929 AD) and the introduction of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remains from Muge, Portugal.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3518-3523.Encyclopedia of Life.  Herpestes. Accessed January 22, 2012Gaubert P, Machordom A, Morales A, Là ³pez-Bao JV, Veron G, Amin M, Barros T,  Basuony  M, Djagoun CAMS, San EDL et al. 2011.  Comparative phylogeography of two African carnivorans presumably introduced into Europe: disentangling natural versus human-mediated dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar.  Journal of Biogeography  38(2):341-358.Palomares F, and Delibes M. 1993.  Social organization in the Egyptian mongoose: group size, spatial behaviour and inter-individual contacts in adults.  Animal Behaviour  45(5):917-925.Myers, P. 2000. Herpestidae (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed January 22, 2012 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich. edu/site/accounts/information/Herpestidae.html.Riquelme-Cantala JA, Simà ³n-Vallejo MD, Palmqvist P, and Cortà ©s-Snchez M. 2008.  The oldest mongoose of Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2471-2473. Ritchie EG, and Johnson CN. 2009.  Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.  Ecology Letters 12(9):982-998.Sarmento P, Cruz J, Eira C, and Fonseca C. 2011.  Modeling the occupancy of sympatric carnivorans in a Mediterranean ecosystem.  European Journal of Wildlife Research  57(1):119-131.van der Geer, A. 2008  Animals in Stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time.  Brill: Leiden.

World War II and Operation Vengeance

World War II and Operation Vengeance During the Pacific conflict in World War II, American forces conceived a plan to get rid of Japanese commander Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Date Conflict Operation Vengeance was conducted on April 18, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders Allies Admiral William Bull Halsey16 Lockheed P-38G Lightnings Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto2 G4M Betty bombers, 6 A6M Zero fighters Background On April 14, 1943, Fleet Radio Unit Pacific intercepted message NTF131755 as part of project Magic. Having broken the Japanese naval codes, US Navy cryptanalysts decoded the message and found that it provided specific details for an inspection trip that the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, intended to make to the Solomon Islands. This information was passed to Commander Ed Layton, the intelligence officer for the Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Meeting with Layton, Nimitz debated whether to act on the information as he was concerned that it might lead the Japanese to conclude that their codes had been broken. He was also concerned that if Yamamoto was dead, he might be replaced with a more gifted commander. After much discussion, it was decided a suitable cover story could be devised to alleviate concerns regarding the first issue, while Layton, who had known Yamamoto before the war, stressed that he was the best the Japanese had. Deciding to move forward with intercepting Yamamotos flight, Nimitz received clearance from the White House to move forward. Planning As Yamamoto was viewed as the architect of the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instructed Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox to give the mission the highest priority. Consulting with Admiral William Bull Halsey, Commander South Pacific Forces and South Pacific Area, Nimitz ordered planning to move forward. Based on the intercepted information, it was known that on April 18 Yamamoto would be flying from Rabaul, New Britain to Ballale Airfield on an island near Bougainville. Though only 400 miles from Allied bases on Guadalcanal, the distance presented a problem as American aircraft would need to fly a 600-mile roundabout course to the intercept to avoid detection, making the total flight 1,000 miles. This precluded the use of the Navy and Marine Corps F4F Wildcats or F4U Corsairs. As a result, the mission was assigned to the US Armys 339th Fighter Squadron, 347th Fighter Group, Thirteenth Air Force which flew P-38G Lightnings. Equipped with two drop tanks, the P-38G was capable of reaching Bougainville, executing the mission, and returning to base. Overseen by the squadrons commander, Major John W. Mitchell, planning moved forward with the assistance of Marine Lieutenant Colonel Luther S. Moore. At Mitchells request, Moore had the 339ths aircraft fitted with ships compasses to aid in navigation. Utilizing the departure and arrival times contained in the intercepted message, Mitchell devised a precise flight plan that called for his fighters to intercept Yamamotos flight at 9:35 AM as it began its descent to Ballale. Knowing that Yamamotos aircraft was to be escorted by six A6M Zero fighters, Mitchell intended to use eighteen aircraft for the mission. While four aircraft were tasked as the killer group, the remainder was to climb to 18,000 feet to serve as top cover to deal with enemy fighters arriving on scene after the attack. Though the mission was to be conducted by the 339th, ten of the pilots were drawn from other squadrons in the 347th Fighter Group. Briefing his men, Mitchell provided a cover story that the intelligence had been provided by a coastwatcher who saw a high ranking officer boarding an aircraft in Rabaul. Downing Yamamoto Departing Guadalcanal at 7:25 AM on April 18, Mitchell quickly lost two aircraft from his killer group due to mechanical issues. Replacing them from his cover group, he led the squadron west out over the water before turning north towards Bougainville. Flying at no higher than 50 feet and in radio silence to avoid detection, the 339th arrived at the intercept point a minute early. Earlier that morning, despite the warnings of local commanders who feared an ambush, Yamamotos flight departed Rabaul. Proceeding over Bougainville, his G4M Betty and that of his chief of staff, were covered by two groups of three Zeros (Map). Spotting the flight, Mitchells squadron began to climb and he ordered the killer group, consisting of Captain Thomas Lanphier, First Lieutenant Rex Barber, Lieutenant Besby Holmes, and Lieutenant Raymond Hine to attack. Dropping their tanks, Lanphier and Barber turned parallel to the Japanese and began to climb. Holmes, whose tanks failed to release, turned back out to sea followed by his wingman. As Lanphier and Barber climbed, one group of Zeros dove to attack. While Lanphier turned left to engage the enemy fighters, Barber banked hard right and came in behind the Bettys. Opening fire on one (Yamamotos aircraft), he hit it several times causing it to roll violently to the left and plummet into the jungle below. He then turned towards the water seeking the second Betty. He found it near Moila Point being attacked by Holmes and Hines. Joining in the attack, they forced it to crash land in the water. Coming under attack from the escorts, they were aided by Mitchell and the rest of the flight. With fuel levels reaching a critical level, Mitchell ordered his men to break off the action and return to Guadalcanal. All of the aircraft returned except Hines which was lost in action and Holmes who was forced to land in the Russell Islands due to a lack of fuel. Aftermath A success, Operation Vengeance saw the American fighters down both Japanese bombers, killing 19, including Yamamoto. In exchange, the 339th lost Hines and one aircraft. Searching the jungle, the Japanese found Yamamotos body near the crash site. Thrown clear of the wreckage, he had been hit twice in the fighting. Cremated at nearby Buin, his ashes were returned to Japan aboard the battleship Musashi. He was replaced by Admiral Mineichi Koga. Several controversies quickly brewed following the mission. Despite the security attached to the mission and the Magic program, operational details soon leaked out. This began with Lanphier announcing upon landing that I got Yamamoto! This breach of security led to a second controversy over who actually shot down Yamamoto. Lanphier claimed that after engaging the fighters he banked around and shot a wing off the lead Betty. This led to an initial belief that three bombers had been downed. Though given credit, other members of the 339th were skeptical. Though Mitchell and the members of the killer group were initially recommended for the Medal of Honor, this was downgraded to the Navy Cross in the wake of the security issues. Debate continued over credit for the kill. When it was ascertained that only two bombers were downed, Lanphier and Barber were each given half kills for Yamamotos plane. Though Lanphier later claimed full credit in an unpublished manuscript, the testimony of the lone Japanese survivor of the battle and the work of other scholars supports Barbers claim. Selected Sources World War II Database: Operation VengeanceUS Naval Institute: Operation Vengeance

How Going Public For Facebook Has Affected The Company Research Paper

How Going Public For Facebook Has Affected The Company - Research Paper Example Since that time, it has seen its users numbers grow to over 900 million users who are active. Handset devices are the majorly used by the Facebook subscribers. As typically anticipated, changing a company’s status from a private to a public status happens to be a commemorative period for the commercial entity holder, as well as, the management. The IPO signifies a reward for periods of thriving practices of the Facebook Company and the affirmative reception by the consumers. Nevertheless, the taking of the Facebook Company happened to highlight the significant weaknesses perhaps as an entity that is not geared up to see through the extra burden of finances and consequently lack of control. This is brought about by the initiation into the market of the stock exchange. As is the norm when preparing a company for an IPO issuance, a company cannot put out the information regarding its finances with any prospective investors or present investors through the quiet period. Therefore, investing in the company comes out blindly, a case that could make the investors lose their finances on the takeover supposing the company is overvalued as is the Facebook Company. In the process of making acquisition briefly after the IPO, since the overvaluation result in the unreasonably investors being buoyant, there is bound to be an overpayment. The challenges the Facebook Company has undergone since transforming its status into being a public company have posed numerous challenges to its undertakings. These challenges have consequently had a bearing effect on the company. Introduction The process of acquiring a public status of a trading company dealing in the stock exchange market from a private entity is not a procedure to be assumed lightly. The procedure is rigorous and takes up a lot of the financial resources, the dedication of management and the company’s time. However, the result of transforming into a public entity is significant as it comes along with an inc rease in the finances together with an increase in the level of awareness by the public. In addition, there is also the increase in the requirements of the legal nature and the corporate responsibility. Facebook Company’s intention of having IPO was essentially become traded in the public domain and consequently become bigger. Therefore, the individuals who put up their finances in the company through purchasing of the shares of the company gain a part of ownership of the company for an opportunity to share in the advantages of the company’s upcoming profits. For the owner of the Facebook Company, part of control he encompasses for the company was given up relative to the percentage of the company put up on sale. On top of being answerable to its shareholders, the Facebook Company has been opened to scrutiny by the government and the public. Nonetheless, the anticipation is that the Facebook Company will be able to generate extra capital resources as its capability to do so have been considerably improved. The general net worth of the company which is necessitated by the selling of the company’s stock, results in the company attaining such capabilities. The thriving of the stock of the company as was expected prior to the IPO was that it would play a part in the decreasing of any ratio of the debt versus the income, consequently assisting in the enhancement of the company’s score on its credit. Therefore, supposing the Facebook Company after attaining the public trading company status had successful stock provision, lenders can subsequently is found easily. This is because of the enhanced rating of credit

Community Health issue Impacting the Health Profession Research Paper - 1

Community Health issue Impacting the Health Profession - Research Paper Example y health issues started sprawling up in the United States and therefore necessitated a change in the health profession more so the increased adoption or application of technology in the health practice. Presently, cancer is one of the most common and thorny health issue in the United States and it has contributed to the death of many people. Johnson (2011) stated that previously cancer was not prevalent as it is today and it used to affect mostly the older people but nowadays there are cases of young children even below the age of one year being diagnosed with cancer. Johnson (2011) stated that these increased cases of cancer in the United States had lead to the health profession undertaking some changes in order to tackle this rising issue. For example, increased cases of cancer have lead to an increase in the number of health workers who are being trained specifically on how to care and conduct treatment for cancer patients. Secondly, the health profession has adopted advanced technology for cancer screening and treatment. Thirdly, medical health professionals regardless of specialization are being taught on basic techniques of diagnosing cancer. Johnson (2011) stated that issues of drugs and alcohol abuse in the United States rose by 70% in the past decades, equally the disorders associated with drugs and alcohol abuse have also increase in equal measures as the national cost or government expenditure of dealing with cases of drugs and alcohol abuse. According to Johnson (2011), alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine are the most common in the American community and recent figures indicate there is an increase in the abuse of prescription-type psychotherapeutic drugs. The health profession has witnessed certain changes due to the issue of drugs and alcohol and one of the changes is the increased monitoring and control of controlled drugs within the healthcare centers. Additionally, health professionals have been made to be more accountable for the drugs they handle

Is Retailing Really Necessary In A Country Marketing Essay

Is Retailing Really Necessary In A Country Marketing Essay The retailer is considered to be the intermediate between the wholesaler or the producer and the customer. But at the same time, the benefits that had been allocated from the retailers are much more than delivering the products and the services to the customers, instead the retailer had provided several merits for all of the national and international organization, individuals, and governments. For the purpose of the full illustration of the role of the retailing in the serving of the country and the whole society, there would be a huge investigation about the main issues that had been dealt with and problems that had been solved by the presence of the retailing in the country. Based on the level of the importance of the retailing is considered to one of the industries that the country cannot get rid of it or lose. However, there may be no many direct clear relationship between the retailing process and the social benefits, there would be consider that from the point of the view of t he business, the loss of any kind of business, will naturally cause harmful effects to the economy of the country. Within the following, general academic verified studies and approved theories are going to be studied for the purpose of the identifying the degrees of the importance of the retailing in the country. Literature review Retailing is considered to be one of the ancient merchandising processes in the history (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). In the past the retailers role had been acted by the producers of the products and the services (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). According to the modern businesses structures, the retailer becomes so far from the production process, with no direct or indirect influence over the whole manufacturing process (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Despite of this fact the retailing had been considered to have a huge impact on not only the related institutions, but also the whole country (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The evolution of the retailing role in the business markets, led to huge interests and advantages that had been enjoyed by the overall society in the terms of the economical and the social aspects (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The retailing is considered to be one of the most important and attractive growing industries in the world (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The retailing system is considered to be following certain specific universal stages (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The first stage is the in sourcing of the retailing process from the producers, which means that the retailers will not have any contact with the customers anymore (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The second stage is the agreement with the producer about the rules and the procedures that should be followed by the retailing organization in order not commit any lack of quality of the products (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The third stage, the retailer will be offering the sale of the products and the services of the producers and the supplier presented as the retailer, who act on behalf of the producer (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). Indian Retail Revolution The demographic profile of an Indian consumer is worth noting. The Indian consumers have the ability to spend over USD 30,000 a year (PPP terms) on prominent consumptions which represents 2.8% of the entire population. (What represents 2.8% of the total population?) It seems like a small percentage but when we consider the mammoth Indian population of 1.07 billion people, this number amounts to 30 million people, a market next only to USA, Japan and China. Consumers are the king and they only drive the retail growth but it is in turn driven by following factors.( Increase in Urban Population- Economic growth- Demographics- Credit availability)( Dr. Vipul Jain 2010) One of the important faces of the retailing systems is the organized retailing system (IIlm, 2012). The organized retailing include the identification of well-chosen a pre-agreed actors in the retailing process, so there would not be any unexpected presence of middlemen, who turn the transactions to be less efficient and losing the ability to achieve its goals (IIlm, 2012). In addition, not only the actors are predetermined, but also the interaction system between tem is determined and agreed upon (IIlm, 2012). Throughout the following of such system, there would be assurance about the attainment of efficiency and effectiveness in the retailing process (IIlm, 2012). In addition, not only benefits are going to be allocated by the actors, but also the benefits will lead to a higher economic benefit that will enhance the interests of all of the society and the national future economy (IIlm, 2012). Several researches and studies supported the fact that the retailing has several disadvant ages mainly the idea of the presence of the retailers encouraged the raise of the prices of the good and the service of the market (IIlm, 2012). In the fact the evidence support the opposite results. Based on the studies and the researches the organized retailing processes can have a great positive impact on the economics of the country (IIlm, 2012). The review of literature has been broadly categorized into two headings, namely: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Overall Retail Scenario Hino (2010) shared his observation about the emergence and expansion of supermarkets that gradually decreased the market share of the traditional formats by displacing them and the factors that helped supermarkets in gaining consumers favors over the traditional stores are the consumers economic ability and the format output.( Goyal and Aggarwal 2009) opine that In India, a consuming class is emerging as a result of increasing income levels and dual career families with high disposable incomes The most appropriate retail formats for various items are: Food and grocery-Supermarket; Health and beauty care services-Supermarket; Clothing and Apparels- Mall; Entertainment-Mall; Watches-Hypermarket; Pharmaceuticals-Hypermarket; Mobile, accessories Services-Hypermarket; Foot wares-Departmental store. The study by(Satish and Raju 2010) throws light on the major Indian retailers which highly contribute to the retail sector in India. Pantaloon, Tata Group, RPG Group, Reliance Group and A V Bi rla group are some of the major Indian retailers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drivers of Retailing (Arshad et al 2007 and Ghosh et al 2010) stated that 47% of Indias population is under the age of 20 and this will increase to 55% by 2015 and this young population will immensely contribute to the growth of the retail sector in the country. The changing retail structure has provided the consumers with more options in the form of formats and services such as less travel time, large variety of products and quality products etc, as observed by (Popkowski et al 2001).(Lather et al 2006) and (Gupta 2007) study uncovered six main indicators: viz., price, sales personnel, quality of merchandise, assortment of merchandise, advertising services and convenience services that play key role for retailers in choosing the type of retail formats that may help them to cope up with the changing references of consumers. Application on literature review The findings of the studies declared that the organized activates of the retailing operation led to the minimization of the presence of the middle man, in addition it enhancement of the formation of strong infrastructure (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Then merits of the retailing in the economics of the country led to decrease the prices for the clienteles, as well as, the enhancement of the development of the economy of the country and the quality of the life (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Some of the consequences of the organized retailing system are the enhancement of the efficiency of the value chain and the abolition of mediation actors, which led to high financial reimbursements (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). For instance some of the positive consequences of the organized retailing system are the elimination expenses to producers, healthier prices to consumers because of the greater reduction of the prices that the producers will perform to gain much dem and on the products (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). In addition, one of the most important merits is the formulation strong infrastructure that headed to improved loading and demonstration of goods, and the increasing of the consumers understanding and involvement in the process (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Another important success for the organized retailing was the Job formation across the whole process, which led to the enhancement of opportunities for many unemployed population (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The most important part of the good consequences of the organized retailing system is the enlargement of the amount of money that are paid for taxes and gathered by the government (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Organized Retailing will lead to affect the Traditional unorganized Retailers. Furthermore the Comparative Analysis regarding the acceptability of the mall concept and the impact of Shopping Malls on the general living standard of the society are being considered. There is increased sophistication in Customers shopping pattern which has led to emergence of big retail chains in metros, mini metros and towns now becoming the next target. There is a drastic change in the customers tastes and preferences leading to radical transformation in their lifestyle and the spending patterns thereby giving rise to new business opportunities. This generic growth, driven by changing lifestyle and strong increment in income is to be supported by the favorable demographic patterns But among the important benefits obtained by consumers is also the fact that these firms are likely to sell safer products. Food-borne illnesses and contamination are long-standing issues in India. Counterfeit drugs are alleged to account for 20-25 percent of total pharmaceutical sales in the country (Express India 2009) The Indian consumer and his behavioral response towards the development of organized retail can be attributed to the economic and soci al changes taking place in the country. The growing fragmentation of consumers into multiple segments with different values and buying priorities is the natural outcome. They have become more pragmatic, educated and demanding learning the time and money management. The Value for Money concept rather than simply low prices has become the order of the day. The study by ETIG (Economic Times Intelligence Group also confirm this. According to (Sen 2000), in case of Hypermarkets main motives of preference in decreasing order are low prices, possibility of buying everything at same place and general appearance formats (Chandrashekhar,2001) while other studies point out the relationship between the type of store and the type of Products(Sen,2000,Bhatnagar,2002).These studies indicate the utility of specialized and traditional stores for fresh products, while of the store. Other investigations emphasize the co-existence of several store (Sen,2000,Bhatnagar,2002). A significant advantage for organized retailers relates also to prices. The organized retailing corporations have the ability to seek out the lowest-costs suppliers around the world. This ability spurs opposition to multinational retailers, and feeds suspicions that firms like Wal-Mart, which have the reputation of destroying momand-pop stores in countries like the United States, will do the same in India (Swamy 2011). But India itself is one of the low-cost countries from which multinational firms buy products. Although mom-and-pop stores outside India have no easy access to these low-cost producers, unorganized retailers can buy from the same (or similar) sources, possibly through representative cooperatives like Bhartiya. According to the experiment of the organized retailing in India, there had been assurance that the system success led to the evolution of the industry ion India for more than thirty percent annually (IIlm, 2012). In addition, the governmental reports stated that the reports the share of the commerce had reached twenty percent out of the gross national product by the end of 2010 (IIlm, 2012). The gathered information assure that the organized retail industry are considered to be as developed as any other developed country, which ensure the efficiency and the effectiveness of the system to be used by the developing countries, and its is exclusive to the developed nations (IIlm, 2012). The researchers suggested an indication of the fact that India investments had been facing a rise of about twenty percent in the last years (IIlm, 2012). According to the National Readership Survey of 1999, 6.6% of the urban adults and 2% of the rural adults are estimated to be shop owners(IIlm, 2012). Summary The retailing process is considered to be one of the greatest events that can take place in the life if any country thats why it should be considered to have the potential for the achievement of the progress in any developed nation in short period throughout solving many of the economical problems that are facing the country and the industries of retailing. The perceived evidence showed the huge impact that can be led by the organized retailing system on the economic system of the country, as well as, the benefiting of both of the customers and the producers sides. The retail sector in India is expected to gross $427 billion by 2010 and $635 billion by 2015 (Moriarty, Ben-Shabat, Gurski, Padmanabham, Kuppuswamy, Groeber, 2007, p.9). India is, in fact, one of the fastest growing economies across the globe. Indias gross domestic product (GDP) is expanding at 7.5% every year, and the potential for further growth is forecasted to be 12% annually during the next decade (Prahalad, 2007). In 2006, the Economist Intelligence Unit surveyed 1,006 chief executive officers (CEOs) of international corporations (Kim, 2007). Among those CEOs surveyed, 89% expected that India would be connected to future growth for their businesses, as compared to 6% five years ago. Indian consumers have typically patronized small, traditional retail stores, similar to independently owned mom and pop-Small Buisness- stores in western countries. This is due to the high level of personalized service and the low-priced apparel products with low-cost tailoring offered by these small Indian stores (Sinha Banerjee, 2004). Rapid economic growth, spurred by multinational investments in India in the past five to seven years, has resulted in greater incomes for the booming Indian middle class. Disposable income in India is expected to increase at an average of 8.5% per annum until 2015 (Kulpati, 2006). Retailing is one of the largest industry in India and one of the biggest sources of employment in the country. Numerous business groups are attracted in the past few years, including some renowned business groups like Bharti, Future, Reliance, and Aditya Birla to establish hold, showing the future growth in times to come. In addition, organized retail sector has also grabbed the attention of foreign companies, showing their interest to enter India. After looking up these facts, the paper strategically analyzed the Indian retail Industry. The results of the study depict that infrastructure, economic growth and changing demographics of consumers are the major driver of organized retail in India. Recommendation It is recommended for every ill-developed nation to adapt to this organized retailing process to be able to commit change and evolution for the economic structure and system of the government, as well as the formulating of new opportunities of investments for the population to be hired and enrolled within the system.

The Tendention of Using American English

Introduction A. Background English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants. The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling (http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html, 2011). However. one variant cannot be said to be superior to the other because both have been standardized (Kemmer,2009).Despite no course about the differences between British and American English, PBI students they are still able to communicate using English. It was not known whether they tend to use British or American English. Their ability to recognize those variants of English is also questioned. Therefore, their use of American and Btritish English is studied in this research. B. Research Problems Based on the description above, the problems that can be formulated are: 1. Do PBI students more frequently use British t han American English vocabulary? . What is the tendency of PBI students in using British and American English pronunciation? 3. How successful do PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British and American English? 4. What is PBI students’consistency in using British and American English? C. Aims The aims of this research are: 1. to analyze whether PBI students more frequently use British English or American English vocabulary. 2. to analyze the tendency of PBI students in using British English and American English pronunciation. 3. o analyze the ability of PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British English and American English. 4. to analyze PBI students’ consistency in using British and American English. D. Benefits By conducting this research, the benefit that the researchers can get is to widen the knowledge concerning the differences between British and American English. For science, it is expected that this research paper can contribute to Linguistics course material. For the next researcher, this paper is expected to be able to be used as a reference to conduct a research with a similar topic.E. Scope To narrow down the discussion of this research, the researchers limit the research to the use of British and American English among PBI students of Sanata Dharma University year 2010. The other limitations are British and American English vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling. The researchers do not study the use of British and American English among PBI Sanata Dharma other than year 2010 and other aspects of differences between British and American English such as grammar. Previous Studies/Related Theories English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants.The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling. T he differences in grammatical pattern can be seen in these examples: BrEAmE half an hour a half hour five dollars a pair (five dollars the pair) at university at the university administration are administration is team are team is government are government is plenty of time plenty time half of the world half the world need it badly need it bad eally hard real hard now right now have you got†¦? do you have†¦? Ihaven’t got†¦ I don’t have†¦ try to help them try help them The differences are also found in some verbs form: BrEAmE burn – burnt – burnt burn – burned – burned dream – dreamt – dreamt dream – dreamed – dreamed mow – mowed –mown mow – mowed – mowed shine – shone – shone shine – shined – shined learn – learnt – learnt learn – learned – learned bet – betted – betted bet – bet – be t dive – dived – dived dive – dove – dived pleaded – pleaded -pleaded plead – pled – pledThe differences in spelling are for example in the words: BrEAmE colour, honour, labour, neighbour color, honor, labor, neighbor calibre, centre, fibre, theatre caliber, center, fiber, theater travelled, cancelled, labeledtraveled, canceled, labeled kidnapped, worshippedkidnaped, worshiped skilful, wilful, enrolment skillful, willful, enrollment defence, offence, pretence defense, offense, pretense abridgement, judgement abridgment, judgment authorise, characterise, colonise, authorize, characterize, colonizeThe differences in pronunciation can be explained by following explanation: 1. Br [a:] before -f, -s, -S, m, n is pronounced [? ] (ask, after, half, path, chance, plant, sample) 2. Br [i] in timid, America is often pronounced [? ] 3. Br [a] in but, hurry is pronounced closer to [? ] 4. AmE does not leave out the r-sounds in better, perceive, b ird, here, poor 5. Br [ju:] after consonants d, t, n is pronounced [u:], eg. duty, tune, new 6. BrE reduces the secondary stress more than AmE, eg. secretary, secondary, necessary 7.Suffix -ile is pronounced [-? l] in AmE and [-ail] in BrE, eg. agile, fertile, hostile, mobile The differences in pronunciation are in for example in the words: BrE AmE resource [ri’zo:s] [ri:so:s] figure [fig? ] [figj? r] leisure [lez? ] [li:z? r] either [ai ] [i: r] research [ri’s? :c] [ri:s? :rc] glacier [gl? si? ] [gleis? r] schedule [sedju? l] [skedz? l] and so on. The differences in vocabulary are for example in the words: BrEAmE public toilets restrooms curriculum vitae resume, personal history the cinema the movies, the movie theater ift elevator lorrytruck pavement sidewalk taxi cab (book)shop (book)store rubbish garbage subway underpass cottage cabin sweets candy, and so on. According to Svartvik and Sager (2005:2) English pronunciation varies a great deal, whereas English grammar is very consistent and homogenous. The lexical items of the language is fairly similar as well although people from the two geographic areas use diverse vocabulary and slang. David Crystal (2005:308) shows how the lexical items from the two regions, American and British, can be classified into different categories.The first category shows that there are examples of two words that have a single meaning, e. g. sweets which is called candy in America. The second category shows the same word is used in both countries but with different meanings, for instance the word caravan which is used in both American English and British English but with different meanings, that is to say that the word caravan means â€Å"a vehicle towed by a car† in Britain whereas a caravan is â€Å"a group of people that travel through a desert† in American English. According to Professor H.Marckwardt of Princeton University â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should t each – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. † So, as teacher we have to be able to identify the American English and British English, understand the differences, then we mind which English that we use. Methods/ Data Collection The method that is used in field project 2 was quantitative method because this project was dealing with numbers.To collect the data, we used questionnaire. We used the answer of the questionnaire as the parameter to identify the result of this small research. The students that were chosen in this project were 20 PBI students from year 2010 of Sanata Dharma University. Though the number of the students was too small for the result to be considered as statistically secure, but at least, the result could give a clue to the reality of the situation. The students are randomly chosen, without cons idering gender, age, social status and other aspects that can influence the choice in language using.The next step of this project was questionnaire distribution among the respondents. The questionnaire consisted of four parts where the first part was vocabulary identification. In this part, fifteen questions and pictures that showed different things were provided. Besides each picture, the respondents could find two synonymous words, one American and one British. Then, the correspondents had to circle one out of two words that they found the most familiar. For example, a picture of a building was provided in the questionnaire. Besides that picture, two synonymous words were written.The correspondents then must circle one word that they recognize most, either flat (BrE) or apartment (AmE). By seeing the result, we can count how many American English vocabulary items or British English vocabulary items circled, so we can know the tendency of students using the vocabulary. [pic] The s econd section is reading section. This section consisted of two reading passages using British and American vocabulary items. In the first passage, we provide British English vocabulary items and in the second passage, we provide American English vocabulary items.The correspondents then must identify which text consisted of British English Vocabulary items and which text consisted of American English vocabulary items. [pic] The third section is pronunciation. Pronunciation section is to see the tendency of PBI students in using American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation. In this part, the respondents are offered 10 words which have different pronunciation in American English and British English. [pic] [pic]From that questionnaire, therespondent have to pronounce the10 words, and the observer will circle the phonetic transcription based on the respondents’ pronunciation on the assessment paper – whether they pronounce the words using American Englis h pronunciation or British English pronunciation. By seeing the result, we can count how many American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation circled, so we can know the tendency of students pronounce the words. The fourth part of the questionnaire was listening section. In this part, three recordings from BBC and TOEFL listening materials were provided.The duration of each recording was approximately 1 minute and 30 seconds. The correspondents are asked to listen to the three recordings and identify whether the speakers in each conversations are using British accent or American accent. After collecting the data from the respondents, the researchers then analyzed the data. The respondents’ answer are classified according to the quantity of British and American English using. The questionnaire result that showed more circle in AmE English vocabulary items were separated from those that showed more circle in BrE vocabulary items.The result that shows the student s who were tend to pronounce the word in AmE way also separated from the result which showed those who were tend to pronounce words in BrE. Besides, the result of the students who could have identified the recordings and the reading passages correctly were also separated from the result of those who couldn’t have identified correctly. From this classification, the students’ tendency in using either British English or American English and the students’ ability in identifying the passages of British English and American English can be seen clearly.Results A. VOCABULARY SECTION The result of the vocabulary part is that students who chose the answers with more American English vocabulary items are 6, and students who chose the answers with more British English vocabulary are 14. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |American English Tendency |6 | |British English Tendency |14 |From this result, we can say that there are 6 studen ts have tendency to use American English and there are 14 students have tendency to use British English, so PBI students have tendency using British English vocabulary items than American English vocabulary items. B. PRONUNCIATION SECTION In the pronunciation part, the result is that there are 8 students pronounced the words using more American English pronunciation, 8 students pronounced the words using 5 American English pronunciations and 5 British English pronunciations, and there are 4 students pronounced using more British English. The result is explained in following table: Result |Number of students | |American English tendency |8 | |Equal |8 | |British English tendency |4 | From this result, we can say that there are 8 students have tendency to use American English and there are 4 students have tendency to use British English. So we can conclude thet PBI students have tendency using American English pronunciation than British English pronunciation.C. READING PASSAGES The r esult of reading part is that there are 14 students could identify the reading passages with correct all, and there are 6 students couldn’t identify the reading passages. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |Correct all |14 | |Correct one |0 | |Incorrect all |6 |From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify the American English reading passages and British English reading passages. D. LISTENING PASSAGES The result of listening part is that there are 11 students could identify the three listening passages perfectly, there are 2 students could identify two listening passages correctly, and there are 4 students could identify only one listening passages correctly, and no one could’n identify the listening passages incorrect all. The result is: Result |Number of students | |Correct all |11 | |Correct two |5 | |Correct one |4 | |Incorrect all |0 | From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify th e American English listening passages and British English listening passages. Discussion Based on the results, it can be seen that PBI students tend to use British English vocabulary items instead of those of American English.It is revealed that 14 students answer the vocabulary questionnaire with most Btitish English vocabulary items. Meanwhile, 6 students mostly use American vocabulary items to answer the questionnaire. Regarding their pronunciation, PBI students tend to use American style to pronounce the words in the questionnaire. The results show that 8 students answer it with American English pronounciation and 8 students mix British and American English pronunciation equally. The other 4 students tend to use British English style of pronouncing.Most PBI students can identify the British and American English reading passages, which means that they know the differences between British and American English spelling and vocabulary items contained in the reading passages. From th e results, it is seen that 14 students can answer all the questions in the questionnaire correctly. Meanwhile, 6 students cannot identify British and American English reading passages correctly because all their answers are wrong. Most PBI students are also able to identify the listening passages correctly. 1 students have all correct answers, 5 students have 2 correct answers and 4 students have only 1 correct answer in the questionnaire. It means that 11 students can recognize the differences between British and American English pronunciation well while 9 students cannot recognize British and American English pronunciation well. Therefore, it can be inferred that PBI students are inconsistent in using British and American English. Such conclusion can be drawn because they tend to use British English vocabulary but when it comes to pronunciation, American English style is mostly used.Besides, there are no students who answer the questionnaire consistenely with all British or Americ an English vocabulary and pronunciation; all of them have mixed answers. That inconsistency is even strengthened by the fact that they are actually aware of the differences between British and American English, as shown in their ability to identify British and American English reading and listening passages correctly. Closing Remarks Based on the previous elaboration, it can be concluded that: 1. PBI students more frequently use British English vocabulary. . PBI students tend to use American English pronunciation instead of British English pronunciation. 3. Most PBI students are able to identify reading and listening passage of British English and American English correctly 4. PBI students are not consistent in using British and American English. â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should teach – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. -Professor H. Marckwardt of Princeton University to the hesitant and confused teachers- Students of PBI are actually taught and prepared to be the English teachers do not matter they want it or not. Realizing that there are two popular kinds of English (British English and American English), as the teacher who teach English as second language, they have to also master the differences, and be able to identify them. As teachers they will be asked to provide and arrange teaching materials such as reading passage, listening passage and also explanation.This is why teacher must be equipped with the knowledge of British and American English differences so they are able to provide explanation or passage using consistent choice (British or American English). Using British English or American English is not the matter. But using British or American English consistently is the emphasis. For example, teachers can not mix the British and American Engli sh in one reading passage that they make because it will result either confusion or student’s inconsistency in using the language variation.To improve students’ knowledge and ability either to identify the variation or use it consistently, the study program has to provide a specific course which can equip the students. If to create new course is less possible, the lecturers of each course must be able to integrate their course with this important equipment of being English teachers. As the quote above, however, foreign English teachers have to mind which English they use to provide better teaching. References Benedikt, Zdenek. Differences Between American English and British English. retrieved on March 27, 2012) Kemmer, Suzanne. (2009). The History of English. http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Spangberg, Charlotte. (2007). British English or American English Vocabulary. Goteborg University : Department of English. _ ___. (2011). American vs British English: Basic Differences and Influences of Change. http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Appendices 1. Questionnaire [pic] [pic] 2. Assessment Paper